Objective (s): The objective of this study was to document and explain bilateral differences in the Q ANGLE.Materials and Methods: Two hundred limbs of healthy adult Indian volunteers were studied. The Q ANGLE was measured using a goniometric method with the subjects supine, QUADRICEPS relaxed and lower limbs in neutral rotation. The relative lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity with respect to the centre of the patella was measured. Appropriate statistical tests were used to determine the bilateral variability in the Q ANGLE and the lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity. Inter-observer variation of the above mentioned parameters were studied in twenty limbs.Results: The average Q ANGLE value of all the 200 limbs was 12.73oC; the mean value on the right was 12.86oC and 12.60oC on the left. When the Q ANGLE and the lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity were considered in pairs a significant difference was noted in males. The Q ANGLE value on the right side was more often greater than the left. The relative lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity showed a significant positive correlation with the Q ANGLE. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.66 for the Q ANGLE and 0.8 for the lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity.Conclusion: The present study shows that bilateral variability in the Q ANGLE could be attributed to an alteration of the relative placement of the tibial tuberosity with respect to the centre of the patella.

Introduction: QUADRICEPS femoris ANGLE (Q-ANGLE) is the ANGLE between the QUADRICEPS load vector and patellar tendon load vector. It is shown that individual with Q-ANGLE more than 15 degrees would display an increase in rear foot eversion and tibial internal rotation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the Q-ANGLE in children and adults in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Method & Material: In this cross-sectional study, a random sample of 399 first year primary school pupils and third year high school students, with no history of knee disorders were selected. The right Q-ANGLE was measured goniometrically with subjects standing in an erect position. The results were analyzed by using ANOVA and t-test statistical methods where p<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Mean Q-ANGLE in 7 years pupils was significantly lower than that from 17 years old students (9.27 vs. 10.65, p<0.0001). No difference in mean Q-ANGLE was found between 7 years old male and female pupils, whereas, it was significantly different in 17 years old male and female students (p<0.001). Conclusion: Q-ANGLE in this study was lower than that from other studies in the literature. This may probably be due to high incidence of genuvarus in Bandar Abbas.

Introduction: Mechanical alignment of lower limb has effect on knee joint stability of athletes. Researches show high pronation of ankle is effective in happening anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. So the objective of this research is investigating knee flexion ANGLE and QUADRICEPS to Hamstring Co-activation in athletes with ankle pronation deformity and healthy.Materials & methods: In this research 15 athletes with increased pronation of ankle and 15 normal athletes selected purposeful. Electromyographic signals and knee flexion ANGLE recorded with using surface electrode from four muscles (rectus femoris, vastuslateralis, medial hamstring and lateral hamstring) and electro goniometer respective. Statistical analysis method of T- independent was used for investigating between variables.Findings: Results showed there is significant different between two groups in knee flexion ANGLE (P=0.034) and QUADRICEPS to hamstring Co-activation (P=0.001).Discussion & Conclusion: Increased pronation of ankle with change in QUADRICEPS to hamstring Co-activation and knee flexion ANGLE can be a risk factor in ACL injury incidence.

2Background: Foot posture is proposed as an important factor that may affect the lower limb alignment. Variations from the normal foot posture may contribute to musculoskeletal injuries of the lower extremity especially knee joint. Considering variations in foot posture and knee joint alignment, this study aimed to assess and compare pennation ANGLEs of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) in women with pronated foot posture and normal ones. Methods: This observational, case-control study was carried out on 31 women with pronated foot posture (foot posture index: 6-12) and 31 women with normal foot posture (foot posture index: 0-5) in the age range of 18 to 35 years old.   Participants were recruited from female students of university communities using Non-probability Sampling method. Sampling was carried out from September 2019 up to February 2020 at the biomechanics laboratory of rehabilitation faculty of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The pennation ANGLE of VMO, VM and VL muscles was measured by using two dimensional. B-mode ultrasound imaging (USI). A 7. 5MHz linear transducer with 50mm footprint was used for the measurements. The ultrasound images were analyzed using Image J software. Three longitudinal scans were captured for each muscle pennation ANGLE while the probe removed between each scan. Results: The results of this study showed that there is no statistical significant difference between the pennation ANGLEs of  VMO, VM and VL in women’s foot posture compare to the normal ones (P>0. 05). However, the results of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of USI measurements showed “good” intrarater reliability for VMO (ICC=0. 88), VM (ICC=0. 87) and VL (ICC= 0. 77) pennation ANGLEs. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the pennation ANGLE of knee extensor muscles (VMO, VM, and VL), which was measured in non-weight bearing, is not different in young women with pronated foot compared to the normal ones. In addition, USI demonstrated good reliability for measuring VMO, VM and VL pennation ANGLEs